Three-Year Drought In Iran, Iraq, Syria Aggravated By Climate Change
Human-induced climate change including war and urbanization has played a major role in exacerbating a three-year drought in Iran, Iraq, and Syria.
Human-induced climate change including war and urbanization has played a major role in exacerbating a three-year drought in Iran, Iraq, and Syria.
Citing the findings of scientists from Iran, the UK, the US, and the Netherlands, World Weather Attribution reported that the drought spanning 36 months from July 2020 to June 2023, was “the second worst in the observed record.”
According to the report, the drought which affected large parts of Iran and the whole Euphrates and Tigris basin, the two rivers crossing Iraq and Syria, would have been less severe if the world had been 1.2°C cooler.
The consequences of the drought in the region were made even more severe as a result of sociopolitical conflicts, most notably the Ukraine war which heavily influenced food and energy prices, the report added.
The findings of the study maintained that “war and post-war transition, rapid urbanization in the face of limited technical capacity, and regional instability” compounded the negative outcomes of the drought in the region, leading to a humanitarian crisis.
The three-year drought in Iran, Iraq, and Syria was ruinous as the majority of the people in these countries depend on “rain-fed agriculture” to sustain their livelihood, said the report.
World Weather Attribution also warned that under the present climatic situation, it is to be expected that such severe droughts will recur “at least every decade.”
“After quite good rains in 2020 and good harvests, three years of very low rainfalls followed with very high temperatures led to a drought with very severe impacts on agricultural access to potable water,” France24 quoted Friederike Otto, affiliated with Imperial College London, as saying with regard to the three-year drought.
Meanwhile, Mohammad Rahimi, professor of “desert greening” at the University of Semnan, Iran, emphasized the importance of better resource management given increasing temperatures in the region.
“We anticipate that we will have more evaporation and transpiration from the plants so I am not so optimistic for the future,” Rahimi stipulated.
The Iranian regime’s mismanagement of the country’s environment, especially water resources, have garnered harsh criticism from scientists and activists over recent years.
Three months ago, Iranians held a demonstration in the northwestern city of Tabriz to protest mismanagement that has led to the disappearance of Lake Urmia.
In July last year, a rally was held for the same reason and the regime’s security forces arrested several activists.
Located between the provinces of East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan in northwestern Iran, Lake Urmia (Orumiyeh) was the largest lake in the Middle East and the sixth-largest saltwater lake on Earth with an original surface area of 5,200 square kilometers in the 1970s, or 2,000 square miles. It had shrunk to 700 sq km by 2013. The lake began shrinking in the 1980s due to water mismanagement and climate change.
Farhikhtegan newspaper reported last year that a quarter of Iran’s farmers have lost their jobs in the past seven years mostly due to lack of water.
Droughts and shortage of water have also lead to soil erosion, desertification, and dust storms in Iran.
Iran's health ministry revealed in July that approximately half of Iran's population is currently facing hazardous dust storms, posing serious risks to people's health.
However, Mohammad-Mehdi Hosseini Hamedani, the Supreme Leader’s representative in the city of Karaj, attributed the low precipitation in Iran to a lack of hijab observance, after many women took off their veils following months of protests.
Earlier this week, Ms. Alamolhoda wrote a letter to French President Emmanuelle Macron's wife, Brigitte Macron, urging her to ask her husband to press for cease-fire in the Gaza war.
Politicians and members of the public criticized Ms. Alamolhoda for her ambitions to assume the role of the first lady, although, on previous occasions, she clarified that she is no more than a second lady, as the position of the first lady is reserved for Supreme Leader Khamenei's wife Khojasteh.
In September, Ms. Alamolhoda participated in several interviews with US networks alongside the UN General Assembly and spread disinformation including the claim about Iranian men not being happy with their wife going to work. Many men and women objected, explaining that it is hardly possible to make ends meet if both spouses do not go to work to earn a living.
Despite the criticisms, which at least on one occasion came from Khamenei's office, cautioning Raisi to curb his wife's political ambitions and her intervention state affairs, Jamileh Alamolhoda does not seem to have been shaken by the criticisms.
After she was criticized for writing to Ms. Macron, Jamileh insisted that she was writing to 40 other European first ladies, although obviously Europe cannot have that many first ladies.
Earlier this year she created another controversy by sponsoring a conference of "accomplished women" some of whom no one knew and others found out hard to explain their accomplishments.
Ms. Almolhoda has been accused by Iranian politicians for using non-diplomatic expressions in her letter to Ms. Macron. She wrote: "Dear Ms. Macron! Please, as a kind and self-sacrificing woman who represents the women, mothers and daughters of France, ask your husband not to be an accomplice in murdering helpless Palestinian children and women. I wish you reward from God for your humanitarian efforts."
She wrote the letter without knowing that Macron's wife accompanied him during the visit to Israel to express support for the government. Critics asked whether the Iranian Foreign Ministry knew about the letter at a time Iran needs stronger diplomacy.
Some at the President's Office in Tehran have told Khabar Online that writing the letters was Ms. Alamolhoda's independent activity and had nothing to do with the government.
Earlier, conservative commentator Mohammad Mohajeri wrote that some cabinet members felt humiliated when they found out that they needed to go and see Ms. Alamolhoda to brief her on their activities. He reminded Raisi that "great men", possibly alluding to Khamenei, told you beforehand to stop that kind of behavior.
A cleric by the name of Jalil Mohebbi, wrote just once sentence to Raisi in a tweet: "Stop your wife!" Later, he was probably forced to change his tone and write a formal letter to Ms. Alamolhoda and President Raisi on social media.
Conservative cleric Abbas Ali Amiri wrote in a tweet addressed to Ms. Alamolhoda: "If you accept the title of the first lady, you should also accept concepts such as secularism, pluralism, liberalism and so on."
Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's aide, Abdolreza Davari, also wrote in a tweet that what she did was non-diplomatic and disrespectful to the regime and Supreme Leader. She also accused Ms. Alamolhoda of doing all this because she has an ambition to be called "first lady."
On the other hand, official news agency chief, Ali Naderi, claimed that Ms. Alomolhoda's letter was effective, and Macron has called for a cease-fire. Iranian journalist Ehsan Bodaghi wrote in a tweet that if Naderi had checked his own agency's output, he would have found out that Macron called for a cease-fire several weeks ago.
Iranian media argued that the role of the first lady is clearly defined in the laws of foreign countries, and there are official protocols for what they can and cannot do. However, in Iran, there is no such person as the first lady and the country's former presidents including Khamenei himself understood this very well. What Raisi thinks about the matter is another story. His office never answers questions. However, individuals close to him have insisted that Ms. Alamolhoda's activities are independent of her husband's role.
In other words, either Raisi cannot prevent his wife from intervention in state affairs, or he agrees with what his wife does, but does not feel the need to explain that to others.
Some media outlets such as Khabar Online have suggested that if Ms. Alamolhoda is so keen to continue her activism, she had better establish a political and ensure that, as President's wife, what she does will not disrupt the consistency between the president office's policies and those of the political system as a whole.
The United States carried out strikes in early hours of Thursday local time against a weapon storage facility in eastern Syria that the Pentagon said was used by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and affiliated groups.
President Joe Biden said the United States had to respond after US troops were targeted and that the retaliatory strikes were working. Asked if the US military would respond again, Biden told reporters it would if it had to.
Since the Israel and Hamas war broke out on October 7 after a terror attack by the Palestinian group, Iran’s proxies resumed their rocket and drone attacks against US bases in Syria and Iraq, which had not taken place for more than a year.
However, the US retaliatory attacks have been limited to one or two targets and has so far failed to deter Iran and its proxies. Critics have been demanding a more robust response. They say Biden's lenient approach towards the Islamic Republic has emboldened not just the regime but its proxies in the region.
White House spokesman John Kirby separately told CNN that the US strikes "had a practical impact on their ability to arm these groups, but also to send a strong signal of deterrence."
"These groups have a choice to make: If they want to continue to attack our troops in Iraq and Syria, then they're gonna have to face the consequences for that," Kirby added.
US and coalition troops have been attacked at least 40 times in Iraq and Syria by Iran-backed forces since the start of October, as tensions soar over the Gaza war. Forty-five U.S. troops have suffered traumatic brain injuries or minor wounds.
Iran has denied involvement. Tehran's ambassador to the United Nations, Amir Saeid Iravani, said on Thursday separatist groups were responding to the Israeli assault that has killed more than 10,800 Palestinians in Gaza.
"It is a natural reaction by the resistance groups. It is their own decision and by their own direction," Iravani said in an interview with CNN.
The White House rejected the ambassador's assertion.
"He stands on a real, real, real fine little pin there when he talks about coordination and not directing," Kirby responded.
"To some degree, they probably do have some measure of autonomy, but they are absolutely encouraged to do these attacks," Kirby said.
"We know that the IRGC is involved directly with helping these groups make some of the decisions that they're doing, and in fact directing some of these attacks."
When Biden assumed office in January 2021, he launched indirect negotiations with the Tehran to revive the Obama-era JCPOA nuclear accord that his predecessor had abandoned.
The talks failed to reach a new agreement, but in August Washington agreed to release $6 blocked in South Korean banks in exchange for Iran freeing 5 Americans held hostage. The deal was harshly criticized by Republicans and others as providing Tehran with money that it could use to finance its destabilizing activities in the region.
Critics also charge that the Biden administration has failed to enforce existing US sanctions and Iran’s oil exports have increased to near pre-sanctions days.
Senate Republicans introduced a bill before the October 7 Hamas attack that would make it extremely difficult for the Biden administration to lift economic sanctions imposed on Iran.
The PUNISH Act takes away the President’s executive authority to lift economic penalties until the administration can show that the Islamic Republic and its affiliated groups in the region have ceased all attempts to assassinate American officials, citizens, and Iranian nationals in the United States.
“If you want to strangle Iran, you cut off their oil,” said Republican Senator John Kennedy on Monday. “The Biden admin is choosing not to do that, and now they wonder why Iran’s proxies thought they could get away with attacking Israel and, by extension, America.”