Iran's domestic politics smolder beneath the ashes of war

Since the start of the new academic year, security personnel have been stationed at entrances and throughout the campus, scrutinizing female students' attire and issuing warnings for non-compliance.

Students have reported incidents on campus on social media, with one student on X alleging that a security officer physically assaulted a female economics student for failing to adhere to hijab rules. The officer pushed the student against a wall and threatened to file a disciplinary report against her, the student said.

The "Tehran North Islamic Azad University Freedom Seekers" Telegram channel reported on October 7 and 8 that confrontations over hijab and dress codes have intensified since the start of the academic year.

Security personnel are inspecting aspects of female students' attire, including color, length, sleeves, and style, according to the channel, confronting those deemed non-compliant and recording their names for potential disciplinary action.

In addition to regular security stationed at the university’s entrances, more male and female officers have been deployed specifically to monitor students’ attire at entry points, the student witnesses reported.

The officers not only inspect students’ clothing and ID cards but also bar female students not conforming to the Islamic dress codes from entering the campus, they added.

Despite prior promises from senior officials including President Masoud Pezeshkian to ease restrictions, the reports indicate the enforcement and clampdown on students has not stopped.

On September 1, during the induction of Hossein Simayi Sarraf as the Minister of Science in the new administration, Pezeshkian urged a review of dismissed professors’ cases and called for the reinstatement of suspended students.

“When a student protests, I must respond; if they are right, I should listen, and if they are mistaken, I should guide them,” Pezeshkian remarked.

Nevertheless, intensified security measures and disciplinary actions against protesting students persist.

According to the Freedom Seekers channel, security officers have prevented certain students dressed in shorter garments from entering, requiring them to change into longer clothing. Officers have also recorded student ID numbers, reportedly to open disciplinary files, raising concerns of further punishment.

The channel reports that a student who receives three warnings about their attire could face disciplinary action, with penalties varying based on the severity and type of infractions.

Since its inception after 1979, the Islamic Republic has frequently detained, expelled or penalized students and professors voicing opposition.

Security measures and disciplinary restrictions in universities intensified following the 2022 nationwide protest movement, which ignited widespread demonstrations on campuses.

Rights groups have reported that during the Women, Life, Freedom uprising—sparked by the killing of Mahsa Jina Amini in morality police custody—over 12,000 students were detained, suspended or expelled, while at least 400 professors faced dismissal, forced retirement or suspension for expressing support for student protests.

The story of Oded and Yocheved Lifshitz

Daniel Lifshitz's grandparents, Oded and Yocheved, are believers in peace.

As lifelong human rights activists, they regularly transported patients from Gaza to Israel for medical treatments in their golden years.

In 1972, Daniel said Oded challenged the Israeli military and Ariel Sharon to protect Bedouin Arabs in Rafah.

“He was a journalist, peace activist, human rights activist; he was with the Doctors Without Borders in Rwanda. They believe education is the only thing that will save Gaza,” said Daniel.

Their abduction casts light on a brutal irony: having spent their lives trying to unite both sides of the conflict, they were taken hostage and used as pawns in a war that they opposed.

Daniel’s grandmother Yocheved was released after 16 days in captivity, but his 83-year-old grandfather Oded is still a hostage, one year on.

His best friend, a medic murdered on Oct. 7, and more than a quarter of the Kibbutz Nir Oz where he grew up with 400 members, were either kidnapped or murdered by Hamas.

His grandparents' home in Nir Oz, close to the border with Gaza in Southern Israel, burned to ashes. Daniel was in France and luckily his mother Rita and daughter were in Tel Aviv on Oct. 7, escaping potential death and abduction.

While he marks the tragedy and the pain of not knowing the fate of his grandfather and other hostages, he believes his nightmare started with the leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

“Everything started from the green light of Iran, and they pushed for it.”

Daniel said Iran could end everyone's suffering and push Hamas for a ceasefire and release of the hostages, but he believes the clerical establishment is more interested in escalating the conflict.

If Israel had confronted Iran directly, Daniel says, instead of invading Gaza, the situation may have ended by now.

“I believe that if we started it with that, maybe with answering Iran and not Gaza on October 7th, things could be different.”

Israeli forces have killed 41,000 people in Gaza according to the Hamas-run Gaza Ministry of Health.

Since Hamas's surprise attack, Israel has said its goal is to destroy Hamas and that it aims to minimize civilian casualties.

Israeli official figures estimate that about 1,200 of its people have been killed since Oct.7, including about 800 civilians, 346 soldiers and 66 police officers.

Judi and Gadi

Judi Weinstein Haggai and Gadi Haggai were soulmates.

They were pro-peace activists who abhorred war, said their daughter Iris Weinstein Haggai.

She described her parents as hippies with her father playing the flute in the Israeli military orchestra, making meals in his kibbutz as a chef and her mother teaching English and mindfulness.

"They had a band together called the Jazz Alliance, and they played all over Israel."

They were murdered by Hamas on October 7 after taking their morning walk outside the Kibbutz Nir Oz fields. It was something they did every day, except that day didn’t end like it always did.

Their routine ended in tragedy.

Judi witnessed her husband being killed. She called medical emergency services, describing in detail what had happened over the phone.

Their daughter, Iris, heard the tapes and shared it with the media.

Iris said paramedics tried to send an ambulance, but the wheels of the ambulance were shot by Hamas who then burned it.

Her mother died after that call, but Iris doesn’t know exactly what had happened. They had both been shot by Hamas on motorbikes, with Gadi being "hit badly" according to his desperate wife on the phone, and Judi sustaining wounds.

“All I know is that my mom witnessed my dad's murder. And that she was either murdered after or died from her wounds because they were both shot by terrorists on a motorcycle that day.”

Their bodies were taken to Gaza where they are still held hostage. Judi, who grew up in Toronto and was born in New York, held Canadian, American and Israeli citizenship. Her husband held American and Israeli passports.

It’s been a year, and Iris said she still doesn’t have a grave to go to.

Judi and Gadi sent a final text message to their children at around seven in the morning, saying that they were under attack from rockets. It ended with Iris asking her parents to let her know when they arrived home.

That never happened.

“It's just been like a long day since,” said Iris.

“They were just stolen from us. And it's that feeling that you can't create new memories anymore.”

She said her biggest regret was that her children would not get to grow up with their grandparents.

Iris has a lot of questions on why it took Israeli forces several hours to respond in Nir Oz.

An official probe found that it failed to properly assess and respond to the Hamas invasion of Kibbutz Nir Oz on October 7. The findings published in July stated that the Gaza Division sent troops to neighboring communities but not to Nir Oz itself.

It took seven hours for security forces to arrive.

While Iris wants answers from the Israeli government, she points the blame at the Islamic Republic of Iran.

She told Iran International that current events provide an opportunity to take on Iran's theocratic rulers, whom she views as the orchestrators of the attacks.

“I think it's finally time to do something about the Islamic regime in Iran. This is the time.”

Through her own pain, she has established connections with the Iranian diaspora and is trying to form a united front against what she sees as Iran's oppressive leadership.

Iris spoke of the timing of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's address to the Iranian people last week, delivered in English and subtitled in Persian, conveying a warning to the system and assurances to the people of Iran.

“I think that that unity is really strong. And there's a reason that, you know, Bibi spoke to the Iranian people. But I think we should unite somehow and create this front together,” she added.

Husseini played a crucial role in weapon transfers between Iran and Hezbollah and was also a member of the Jihad council, Hezbollah's senior military leadership council, said the Israeli military.

He is the latest target in an airstrike against the group's top leadership within Iran’s most powerful proxy, positioned on Israel’s northern border and designated as a terrorist organization by countries such as the US and UK.

The headquarters which was targeted includes Hezbollah's Research and Development Unit, which is responsible for manufacturing precision-guided missiles and managing the storage and transportation of weapons in Lebanon.

“In his role, Husseini was responsible for the budgeting and logistical management of Hezbollah's most sensitive projects, including the organization's war plans and other special operations, such as coordinating terrorist attacks against the State of Israel from Lebanon and Syria,” the IDF said.

The announcement of the latest killing comes as Israel expanded its ground operations into southern Lebanon on Monday.

While Israel tries to allow the safe return of the 63,000 Israelis displaced since October 8 last year, the 146th Division began “limited, localized, targeted operational activities against Hezbollah terror targets and infrastructure in southwestern Lebanon”, the military said, adding that it “follows a year of defensive activities conducted by the 146th Division on Israel's northwestern border with Lebanon”.

Hezbollah began almost daily bombardments into Israel the day after Iran-backed Hamas invaded Israel on October 7, in allegiance with the group. Since then, tens of thousands of civilians on both sides of the border have been displaced, and dozens killed. Around 9,000 projectiles have been launched at Israel since the fighting broke out.

The 146th Division is the first reserve division to operate in southern Lebanon as part of the ongoing operations against Hezbollah, so far, troops all being those in active duty.

The soldiers are operating alongside the 213th Artillery Brigade and additional forces now as the conflict continues to escalate from both ground and air.

On Tuesday, Israel's elite Golani brigade took control of a combat compound in southern Lebanon, overlooking border communities in northern Israel.

The site in the Maroun el Ras area included a residential building and an olive grove, where a launcher, loaded and ready to fire was found, according to the military.

"Additionally, underground infrastructure, terrorist hideouts, living quarters, and staging areas used by Hezbollah terrorists were identified. Inside the residential building, a staging area and a stockpile of weapons were located and destroyed, including guns, camouflage nets, military vests, and anti-tank missiles, as well as launchers hidden in the kitchen," the IDF statement said.

Hezbollah, which currently does not have a general secretary, announced that it will continue to resist Israel.

As the U.S. continues its efforts to mediate the now multi-front proxy war ignited by Hamas’ invasion, with Iran’s proxies in Iraq, Yemen, and Syria also targeting Israel, CIA chief William Burns told CBS News that while US intelligence assesses that neither Israel nor Iran seeks an “all-out conflict,” the risk of miscalculation remains high.

He warned: “We face the very real danger of a further regional escalation of conflict” while Israel is “weighing very carefully” how it will respond to last week’s attack from Iran, which saw 181 ballistic missiles rain down on the country, the second direct strike since the shadow war between the archenemies began decades ago.

Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi told state media: "Our dialogue continues in regards to the developments in the region to prevent the shameless crimes of the Zionist regime (Israel) in Lebanon in continuation of the crimes in Gaza.

“Starting today I'll start a trip to the region, to Riyadh and other capitals in the region and we will strive to have a collective movement from the countries of the region... to stop the brutal attacks in Lebanon."

Meanwhile, the deputy leader of Hezbollah, Naim Qassem, said on Tuesday that the group had moved beyond "painful blows" inflicted by Israel after weeks of high-level assassinations which reached leader Hassan Nasrallah, and strikes against key military targets.

Speaking on Press TV, he said the group was unharmed, the senior figures killed only "from the older generation" of founding fathers, suggesting they will be easily replaced by the next generation. A new secretary general will be elected in due course, he said.

In spite of the killings of swathes of the leadership, "there is no empty position," he said. "There is no fear that the work continues."

Last month, over 1,500 operatives were taken out of action by a movie-like plot, not acknowledged by Israel, which, over two days saw pagers and walkie-talkies belonging to the group, explode across Lebanon.

According to the semi-official ISNA media outlet, Araghchi will discuss regional issues and work to halt Israel's operations in Gaza and Lebanon during his trip.

"Our dialogue continues regarding the developments in the region to prevent the shameless crimes of the Zionist regime in Lebanon, in continuation of the crimes in Gaza," Araghchi said in a video broadcast by state media.

He further added, "Starting today, I'll begin a trip to the region, to Riyadh and other capitals, and we will strive for a collective movement from the countries of the region... to stop the brutal attacks in Lebanon."

Meanwhile, Tasnim, a media outlet affiliated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, sharply criticized Arab leaders on Tuesday for their inaction without directly mentioning Araghchi’s visit to Saudi Arabia.

The outlet accused Arab leaders in the Persian Gulf region of having "merely been spectators to the Zionists' brutality in Gaza" over the past year, claiming that they not only refrained from taking a decisive stance against Israel's aggression but also, either openly or covertly, lent support to the regime and its actions.

Most Persian Gulf Arab states, like Iran, are major energy exporters and have conveyed a neutrality on the Iran-Israel conflict to Tehran, sources told Reuters last week.

Araghchi’s diplomatic efforts come shortly after his visits to Lebanon and Syria, two Arab states more aligned with Tehran.

During his first official visit to Lebanon, Araghchi emphasized Iran’s steadfast support for Hezbollah, declaring that his presence in Beirut, despite ongoing bombings, underscored this commitment. "Iran will always stand with the people of Lebanon," he tweeted.

Last Friday, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei led prayers for the first time in five years, reinforcing a message he has focused on recently: the unity of Muslim countries against the presence of the US and other Western powers in the region. Khamenei called for solidarity, stating, “We have to tighten the belt of defense... from Afghanistan to Yemen, Iran to Gaza and Lebanon, in all Islamic countries. That’s the first issue I wanted to discuss.”

This message echoed his earlier speech in September during the 38th Islamic Unity Conference, where he reiterated his long-standing vision: "With the formation of an Islamic Ummah, Muslims can, through their internal strength, remove the malignant cancer of the Zionist regime from Palestine and eliminate the oppressive influence, domination, and interference of the United States in the region."

Reports of explosions in Isfahan in the early hours of Tuesday alarmed residents, with social media users speculating that Israel, amid heightened tensions, may have launched an attack on Iran’s nuclear and missile infrastructure.

The Islamic Revolutionary Guard's Saheb al-Zaman Headquarters in Isfahan issued a statement attributing the explosion heard at dawn on Tuesday to a defense system test conducted in the area.

“The sound of the explosion heard at midnight was due to seeing a luminous object and the test activity of the defense system,” the Public Relations Department of the Saheb al-Zaman Headquarters said in a statement on Tuesday.

An earlier statement from the Khatam al-Anbiya Air Defense Base similarily dismissed reports of an explosion, stating that the sounds heard in the city were due to the "testing of a new defense system."

Explosions have previously stirred concern in Isfahan; in mid-August, similar reports surfaced but were ultimately attributed to "training activities" by local authorities.

Isfahan, housing key nuclear facilities including the Natanz uranium enrichment complex, is a strategic site for Tehran and has been the target of suspected Israeli sabotage operations in the past.

In April, Israel reportedly destroyed part of an S-300 long-range air defense system in the city in response to Iran's earlier missile and drone barrage against Israel. The incident was viewed as part of an ongoing shadow war between the two nations, with Isfahan's military significance making it a focal point of tensions.

Following a series of highly effective Israeli operations against Iran's primary proxy, Hezbollah—which culminated in the assassination of its leader, Hassan Nasrallah—the Islamic Republic retaliated with a massive missile barrage against Israel on October 1. This marked the second Iranian missile strike since April.

Since then, anticipation has grown around an imminent Israeli response, with military analysts debating the scale and targets of potential retaliation.

Although strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities remain a possibility despite the challenges involved, many experts argue that Israel is more likely to focus on crippling critical energy, economic, and military infrastructure for a broader strategic impact.