Iran filmmakers defy state censorship despite repression
An increasing number of Iranian filmmakers are defying the country's strict ideological censorship by making movies without seeking the Culture Ministry's permission, for screening abroad.
An increasing number of Iranian filmmakers are defying the country's strict ideological censorship by making movies without seeking the Culture Ministry's permission, for screening abroad.
Many filmmakers are bypassing regulations requiring them to obtain approval at various stages of production, from screenplay inception to final screening and entry into international film festivals.
These new independent films challenge compulsory hijab rules, depicting Iranian women without the mandated headscarf, manteau, or chador, which covers the whole body. This defiance has grown, especially following the 2022 Woman, Life, Freedom movement and protests.
The films are made discreetly, and sometimes in secrecy, which has become possible due to new technologies that enable filming without cumbersome equipment and large reels of film. Transfer of electronic files also facilitate sending copies to international festivals.
Some Iranian actresses such as Taraneh Alidousti have been jailed or indicted and fined or barred from practicing in their profession for supporting the freedom movement and or removing their headscarves. According to the Iranian Human Rights News Agency, stage actress Pathea Bahram has not even been allowed to run an acting workshop for children.
Another actress, Layli Rashidi who ran a similar workshop for children in Dubai had her passport, cell phone and personal computer confiscated at the Tehran airport when she recently returned to visit her mother.
In the past two years, many Iranian film artists took part in the production of movies that are officially "illegal" while knowing that defying the censorship will land them in trouble.
One of the latest examples, “My Favorite Cake” won awards at the Berlin Film Festival in February and is now being prepared for international public screenings starting from Paris and Berlin.
This movie explores the relationship between an elderly couple. In approved Iranian films, actresses wear hijab even at home, which is unrealistic. Additionally, censored films avoid depicting women associating and drinking with men or discussing topics that are considered taboo under the Islamic government.
However, it is not the only Iranian film defying official censorship and government-imposed codes of conduct. In 2023 alone, two dozen such movies have been produced in Iran. These include "Earthly Verses" directed by Alireza Khatami and Ali Asgari, "Café" directed by Navid Mihandoust, "Achilles" directed by Farhad Delaram, and "Critical Zone" by Ali Ahmadzadeh.
These films depict the fact that most people in Iran are living a secular life under a fundamentalist Islamic government. They likely represent the 61 percent of the population who refused to participate in the country's recent stage-managed presidential election.
In interviews with foreign media, at least two actresses emphasized their commitment to independent filmmaking despite potential repercussions. Meanwhile, as the new government selected a new minister of culture, the House of Cinema, the Iranian filmmakers' trade union, objected to "the regulations for issuing filmmaking and screening permits." They criticized the government's treatment of filmmakers, arguing that it treats them like minors or insane individuals needing government direction, calling this attitude "regressive and unethical."
Earlier, Iranian film director Maziar Miri told Etemad Online, "All those who make films of social significance have been barred from filmmaking. Cinema was once important to government officials, but they no longer see it as a significant form of art." Miri added, "The officials want to make us angry and nervous so that we will leave the country."
In the latest Cannes Film Festival earlier this year, internationally acclaimed filmmaker Mohammad Rassoulof who was barred from leaving the country crossed the borders on foot and made it to the festival where his latest film, “The Seed of Sacred Fig”, was premiered and received international recognition. Like many other Iranian filmmakers, Rassoulof is now living in exile.
Several cabinet ministers of the outgoing Raisi administration and some of the aides of Parliament (Majles) Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf fiercely clashed throughout the week over the top position at the Iranian Parliament's Audit Office. This body plays a crucial role in distributing funds to well-connected individuals and organizations.
Among the candidates for the post were the Audit Office's current chairman Ahmad Reza Dastgheib, Raisi's Road Minister Mehrdad Bazrpash, his Minister of Economy Ehsan Khandouzi and his Planning and Budget Chief Davoud Manzour.
At the Majles session on July 24, the incumbent chairman, Dastgheib, was re-elected. Despite his close ties to the Raisi administration, he is considered a moderate politician compared to the other contestants.
From Ghalibaf's camp, Mohsen Pirhadi and two others had declared their candidacy for the post. Other conservative groups also put forward their own candidates. However, President-elect Masoud Pezeshkian did not name any candidates, as his key officials, who will likely be announced next week, still need to be vetted by the Majles.
The Audit Office is tasked with making sure that the country's annual budget is being spent in the right way and is distributed fairly among all the government bodies and tens of religious and state ideological organizations whose functions are not clearly defined. Meanwhile, it can conduct investigations on the spendings of al those organizations. This makes it a good leverage to distribute government funds and control rival organizations through its checks and balances.
Furthermore, the post has proven to be a good launching pad for higher state positions. Its former top officials have invariably risen to higher ministerial or vice president levels.
On the other hand, at least two top ultraconservative politicians—presidential candidate Saeed Jalili and fundamentalist commentator and vigilante leader Ali Akbar Raefipour—appear to be in significant trouble. They are under pressure to disclose the funding sources for Jalili's "shadow government" and Raefipour's "Masaf" organization. The former is a self-declared parallel cabinet, while the latter aims to send as many hardliners as possible to the Iranian parliament in March.
The Iranian Judiciary has indicted Masaf and Raefipour for tarnishing the image of Ghalibaf during the March 2024 parliamentary election when Masaf was not able to send more than a handful of new lawmakers to the Majles. Rumors on social media and reports in newspapers point fingers at Ghalibaf as the man behind the indictments for Raefipour, two journalists and a whistleblower who made disclosures about mishandling of funds by Ghalibaf and other cases involving his family members.
In a detailed report on Tuesday, the Khabar Online website questioned the non-transparent funding and expenditures of Jalili's shadow government. The report quoted over two dozen politicians who criticized Jalili and his so-called "rival government." They argued that, despite the unclear objectives of this "government," its existence violates political norms, as shadow governments are typically formed by political parties with well-defined platforms.
Khabar Online further charged that Jalili's shadow government has no charter or articles of association, and its members are not known. Others have called on Jalili to clarify his source of funding, and the names of those who control the shadow government's bank accounts out of which hefty sums have been paid for his unsuccessful election campaign. They further charged that Jalili's shadow government is an illegal entity.
Jalili has remained silent, offering no explanation to clarify the opaque situation of his "government."
Hezbollah quickly denied any involvement in the attack. Mohammed Afif, Hezbollah's chief spokesman, told The Associated Press that the group "categorically denies carrying out an attack on Majdal Shams", a Druze village in Israeli-controlled Golan Heights.
However, the Israeli military says the rocket used in the attack was “a Falaq-1 rocket, an Iranian rocket, manufactured in Iran, a rocket with a warhead of over 50 kilograms of explosives."
Speaking in a press conference, Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari, the Israeli military's chief spokesman called it a "very serious" incident and promised to act accordingly.
"Hezbollah fired a rocket at children playing soccer in northern Israel. It then lied and claimed they did not carry out the attack," said Hagari. He noted it was the deadliest assault on Israeli civilians since the October 7 Hamas attack that ignited the war in Gaza.
Middle East affairs expert Menashe Amir told Iran International, "It was tolerable over the past 10 months as long as Hezbollah only sent a single rocket, missile, mortar, or drone, even in cases where minor damage was caused, and even when one person, whether military or civilian, was killed. But today, two horrific incidents have occurred that have put Israel at a crossroads."
"One was an attack on a gas field in the Mediterranean Sea, and much worse, was an attack on a soccer field that led to the deaths of 10 Druze children. They were Arab Druze to whom Israel had granted citizenship. This is what has put Israel at a crossroads, compelling it to respond," Amir said.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who was visiting the United States, announced he would cut his trip short in response to the attack. He said he was “shocked” to see the attack, pledging that Israel will “not let this pass in silence.”
“Among the murdered were small children who were playing soccer,” Netanyahu said in a video statement, “and others were also other murdered. Our hearts are all broken by these sights.”
Iran’s reaction
Mojtaba Amani, Iran’s ambassador to Lebanon, referred to the deadly attack on Majdal Shams and said, "We do not expect Israel to start a war against Lebanon and the region; considering the balance of power, we believe the likelihood of such an event is very low."
Mohsen Rezaei, a former chief-commander of the Revolutionary Guard, also wrote on X that “Netanyahu, out of desperation or madness, believes that by starting an adventure in Lebanon, he can escape the quagmire of Gaza; however, he is stepping towards a deeper and more formidable quagmire.”
Since its establishment in 1979, Iran's Islamic government has been a staunch adversary of Israel and the United States. In the early 1980s, it established Hezbollah in Lebanon as a proxy force to confront Israel. Over the past two decades, Iran has created additional proxy forces in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and the Palestinian territories. Furthermore, it has developed networks across other Middle Eastern, African, and Western countries.
International reactions
Lebanon's government, while not specifically mentioning Majdal Shams, called for an "immediate cessation of hostilities on all fronts" and condemned all attacks on civilians.
The attack also sparked shock and fear among American politicians, with several House Representatives blaming Iran for the bloodshed. Maryland Congressman Steny Hoyer stated that the attack on Majdal Shams "is further evidence that Israelis are under siege by Iran and its proxies including Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis.
He also called it "another example of the Iran-sponsored reign of terror in the north of Israel where tens of thousands have been displaced since 10/7."
House Representative Lois Frankel condemned the attack on X, saying, "Israel remains under constant threat from Iran and its proxies. We must continue to stand by our ally as she defends herself from terror."
New York Representative Anthony D’Esposito also blamed Iran, stating, "The USA must stand resolutely behind Israel and reject the aggression of Iran and their terror proxies like Hezbollah and Hamas."
In 2018, the US government reported that Iran provides Hezbollah with an estimated $700 million annually. Earlier, in 2016, Hezbollah's leader, Hassan Nasrallah, publicly stated in a speech that his organization’s funding comes directly from Iran.
This funding supports Hezbollah’s extensive military capabilities, which include an arsenal of approximately 150,000 missiles and rockets aimed at Israel. The financial support from Iran allows Hezbollah to maintain its militant activities and exert considerable influence in Lebanon and beyond.
The bigger picture
Saturday's attack coincides with negotiations between Israel and Hamas regarding a potential cease-fire to end the nearly 10-month conflict and secure the release of approximately 110 hostages held in Gaza. The war began with a surprise Hamas attack on October 7, which killed around 1,200 people and led to Israel's retaliatory offensive, resulting in over 39,000 deaths, according to Hamas health authorities.
The Saturday rocket strike follows earlier cross-border violence between Israel and the Lebanon-based Shia militia on Saturday, where Hezbollah reported the deaths of three fighters. Israel’s military confirmed an airstrike on a Hezbollah arms depot in the border village of Kfar Kila, indicating militants were present at the time.
Israel and Hezbollah have also been exchanging fire since October 8. Recent months have seen increased cross-border violence, with Israeli airstrikes and Hezbollah's rocket and drone attacks reaching deeper into each other's territories.
Since October, Israeli airstrikes in Lebanon have killed more than 450 people, primarily Hezbollah members, along with about 90 civilians and non-combatants. On the Israeli side, 44 people have been killed, including at least 21 soldiers.
Looking forward
As the situation escalates, Israel faces critical decisions on how to respond to the latest attack. Menashe Amir believes the potential for a severe military reaction against Hezbollah or even broader targets in Lebanon is high. However, such actions carry the risk of sparking an all-out war, with devastating consequences for the entire region.
“If Israel now enters an all-out war with Hezbollah, the militant group has long-range precision missiles capable of launching severe, deadly, and destructive attacks on numerous locations within Israel. Israel has no choice but to respond with a crushing reaction, which could, however, escalate into a full-scale war," Amir said.
Another critical question is the potential response from Hezbollah's main sponsor, Iran. If Tehran gets engaged in the war, "the consequences of such a conflict for the Middle East would be extremely destructive. Hezbollah's precision missiles can target many areas within Israel, while Israel's powerful air force can devastate numerous areas inside Lebanon,” Amir told Iran International.
On Wednesday, Germany’s Interior Ministry announced the ban on the Islamic Center Hamburg (IZH) and its subsidiary organizations, citing their radical Islamist goals and direct control by Tehran. Authorities searched 53 premises across eight German states under a court order.
In a phone call with German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock, Iran's top diplomat expressed Tehran's protest at the closure of the Islamic centers, calling it a "politicized, Islamophobic move".
"The German government must accept the consequences," Bagheri warned, according to Iran's readout of the call.
Iran's Foreign Ministry earlier summoned German Ambassador to Tehran Hans-Udo Muzel, expressing Tehran's "strongest protests" over what it termed a "hostile act." The ministry’s official website described the closure as an "obvious case of Islamophobia" and accused Germany of promoting "an intentional spread of violence and dictatorship."
The German Interior Ministry argued that the Islamic Center, despite claiming to be a purely religious foundation, operated as an "Islamist extremist" entity directly representing Iran's supreme leader to advance an "authoritarian and theocratic rule."
Germany's federal police had previously raided the Islamic Center in November 2023 on suspicions of supporting the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, which is accused of engagement in terrorism. Germany banned Hezbollah's activities in 2020, asserting that the IZH's actions aimed to spread the revolutionary concept of Iran’s Supreme Leader and undermine Germany’s "constitutional order."
The ban impacts the Hamburg-based IZH, known for its turquoise mosque, and its subgroups in Frankfurt, Munich, and Berlin. Consequently, four Shiite mosques will be closed, according to the ministry.
"The Islamic Republic uses these centers when they face diplomatic restrictions at embassies," Munich-based journalist Masoud Kazemi told Iran International. "For instance, in the case of Iranian diplomat convicted of terrorism (Asadollah Assadi), there were reports that he, under the cover of a diplomat, who planned to bomb an MEK gathering with the help of some other individuals, had met with those people at the Islamic Centre Hamburg and exchanged money with them."
Kazemi said another responsibility of these centers is to attract Shiites who have immigrated, been expelled, or sought asylum in Europe. "Shiites from Lebanon, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Yemen, Syria, and Iraq. They hire them culturally and structurally and use them on different occasions. It is also said that the large number of worshippers and mourners attending ceremonies in Europe are organized by these centers, serving as a show of power by the Islamic Republic in the heart of Europe."
The IZH has been a hub of pro-Hezbollah activism and support for Qasem Soleimani, the former commander of IRGC's Quds Force. In early 2023, the German Federal Administrative Court ruled that the IZH and its affiliated Blue Mosque are "extremist Islamic organizations."
In the face of rising temperatures and heat, the Iranian government has announced the closure of government offices and banks nationwide on Sunday, July 28.
Ali-Akbar Mehrabian, the Minister of Energy, has acknowledged the challenges in producing and supplying electricity, highlighting the increasing pressure on the power grid. "From today on, it will become increasingly difficult to produce and supply sufficient electricity," Mehrabian stated, adding that each one-degree increase in temperature puts an additional 2,300 megawatts of pressure on the grid.
Heatwave strains an already fragile system
The current heatwave has seen temperatures in Tehran reach 40 degrees Celsius for the second consecutive day, while Varamin, a town near the capital, recorded a temperature of 43.2 degrees in the past 24 hours. Delgan in Sistan-Baluchestan province hit 50 degrees Celsius, making it the hottest city in Iran. Bafgh in Yazd province also saw temperatures rise to 49.3 degrees, setting a new record over the past 50 years. According to the Meteorological Organization, the peak of this heatwave is expected between July 24 and 28.
The Iranian government's response to the crisis has been to declare a holiday, shutting down all government offices and banks (excluding emergency and rescue services) on Sunday. Earlier, working hours for government offices on Saturday were cut short to 10 AM.
On July 25, Mehdi Abbasnejad Najafabadi, a climate change researcher, warned about the extreme heat and increased UV radiation, urging people to stay indoors. This advice came too late for the 225 people who had already been hospitalized due to heatstroke, according to Babak Yektaparast, spokesperson for the National Emergency Organization.
Underinvestment and mismanagement
The root of Iran's energy crisis lies in underinvestment and mismanagement. Mostafa Rajabi Mashhadi, spokesperson for Iran's electricity industry, predicted that electricity consumption would exceed 77,514 megawatts in the next two weeks, setting a new record.
Omid Shokri, an Istanbul-based Senior Researcher at George Mason University and Energy Expert, criticized the Iranian government for failing to invest adequately in the energy sector.
"The Iranian government needs to spend at least 6 billion dollars annually to meet the country's electricity needs, but this target has only been achieved once in the past 15 years (in 2010)," Shokri said.
"As long as sanctions remain in place and the FATF issue remains unresolved, the energy crisis will continue to worsen daily for the Iranian people," he added.
The consequences of the government's inability to provide electricity are severe. In addition to affecting homes, recent weeks have seen power cuts or quota-based distribution for offices, industrial estates, and industries. This has plunged hundreds of cities and villages into darkness during the peak summer heat multiple times.
Mansour Sohrabi, an expert in ecology and environmental science, emphasized the inefficiency of Iran's energy policies. "Most people in Iran use water-based air conditioners, with nearly 30 million such units in use across the country. These consume a significant amount of water and electricity," Sohrabi explained.
"The government's plans are not compatible with climate change, and they must be adjusted to address climate change accordingly."
The halt in investment in the electricity industry, the lack of development of power plants, and the aging grid are the main reasons for the electricity imbalance and the 14,000-megawatt shortage in Iran. As experts have pointed out, the government's failures are pushing the country towards an increasingly unsustainable future, with ordinary citizens bearing the brunt of this mismanagement.