Air pollution claims 40,000 lives in Iran, health official warns

Sadeghi was indicted on December 19, along with the arrest of Mohammad Abedini in Milan, Italy, who was also involved in illegal military technology transfers to Iran.

Sadeghi, a dual US-Iranian citizen, was charged with violating US export control and sanctions laws. His arrest on December 16 led to his dismissal from Analog Devices, where he had worked since 2019. Prosecutors allege that Sadeghi used his position to facilitate the procurement of US-origin electronic components for San’at Danesh Rahpooyan Aflak Co, an Iranian navigation systems manufacturer headed by Mohammad Abedini.

On Friday, news emerged that an Italian reporter, Cecelia Sala, 29, was detained in Iran on the same day when the news about Sadeghi and Abedini became public. In the past, Iran has detained foreigners in similar cases to later exchange them with its agents arrested in the West.

According to prosecutors, Abedini's company supplied navigation systems to Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps for use in military drones. One such drone was reportedly involved in an attack on Tower 22, a US outpost near the Syrian border in Jordan, which killed three Army Reserve soldiers and injured 47 others.

The White House attributed the attack to the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, a coalition of Iran-backed militant groups. Iran, however, has denied involvement, with its foreign ministry calling the arrests of Sadeghi and Abedini a violation of international law.

Court filings reveal that Sadeghi traveled to Iran in 2016 seeking funding for a startup. Through an affiliated company, he allegedly began procuring U.S. technology for Abedini’s firm. Prosecutors claim that, after joining Analog Devices, Sadeghi helped Abedini’s Swiss front company secure contracts with the Massachusetts-based firm, allowing Abedini to access sensitive technology.

The components procured were reportedly used in the navigation system of the drone involved in the attack.

Sadeghi has remained in custody since his arrest. A hearing is scheduled for January 2 to determine potential bail conditions as discussions between the defense and prosecutors continue.

"You will see that our power has not diminished, contrary to what the enemy claims in its psychological warfare, but has actually increased," Iranian media quoted Iran's Defense Minister, Brigadier General Aziz Nassirzadeh as saying.

"Today, some deliberately and others inadvertently present analyses suggesting the weakening of resistance," he added.

"I believe these individuals fail to grasp the essence of resistance, which is an ideology," Nassirzadeh added, referring to the strength of Iran's allied groups in the region despite the setbacks.

In October 26 retaliatory strikes again Iran, Israel took out nearly all of Iran’s air defense system, according to Western officials including the UK's Chief of Defense Staff.

Israel has decimated Hamas infrastructure in Gaza, assassinated many of its leaders, including Ismail Haniyeh and Yahya Sinwar, and targeted Hezbollah’s commanders after killing successive leaders of the Lebanese group.

Notwithstanding, Iranian officials including the country's ultimate military decision maker, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, described the conflict as a victory.

President Masoud Pezeshkian announced in a meeting on Friday that the worst is over in electricity and gas shortages which have plagued the country for over a month.

“Forecasts indicated that the state of the network could have been much worse than it is today," Pezeshkian reassured the public, saying the power grid was now stable

But ordinary Iranians routinely plunged in the dark have seen no improvement.

Yet another power plant near the capital stopped producing electricity on Friday due to shortage of diesel fuel, which has largely replaced dwindling natural gas supplies during the high demand cold season.

Gas production, Iranian media reported is down by up to a third even as Iran holds the world’s second largest reserves. Diesel supplies too are limited.

Iran’s largest natural gas reserves are in the Persian Gulf, in a field shared with Qatar which is a successful producer.

However, the natural pressure of the gas field has been declining in the last four years and Iran does not have the necessary technology to adequately tap its economic crown jewel.

Western technology and financial sanctions in place and lack of money for investment make it unlikely that they ever will.

At the same time, the Iranian currency stood at a historic low against major currencies, with the US dollar trading well-above 800,000 rials late on Friday. The battered currency has lost one-third of its value since early September.

Since the ouster of its lifelong ally in Syria’s Assad dynasty earlier this month, the Islamic Republic has found itself on the backfoot not only at the domestic front with the energy crisis, but also in foreign policy.

Several politicians and high-level officials on Friday either tried to sound the alarm or blame internal and external enemies for the existing state of affairs.

“Today is a day for national unity and cohesion. Enemies have surrounded us from all sides, yet we fear nothing, for this is the trait of God's supporters," Chairman of the Expediency Council Ayatollah Sadeq Amoli Larijani said in a public gathering.

"Wise strategy and divine virtue dictate that we preserve divine values. Let us avoid words that lead to division.”

Mohammad-Hossein Safavi, a Friday Prayer Imam in northern Iran, lashed out at Jews and Israel as the root cause of the Islamic Republic's troubles.

“According to God's words in the Quran, the Jews are the most hostile beings and exert all their efforts to infiltrate Islamic societies,” he told his congregation.

Opponents of the Islamic Republic on social media are trying to divine when it will fall, similar to Bashar al-Assad in Syria.

Some give it just weeks, while others say it will not survive until the end of 2025. Their dire domestic situation and regional defeats are not lost on officials and clerics, who try to show strength or blame enemies.

Two men believed to be Iranian agents were waiting for the young couple.

One man pushed Talebi’s wife aside while the other shot dead the former Iranian Air Force pilot who opposed the Iran-Iraq war and had defected to Iraq and then Europe.

He is just one of 862 extrajudicial executions carried out by the Islamic Republic of Iran according to a landmark report by US-based rights group the Abdorrahman Boroumand Center (ABC) for human rights in Iran.

But in the names of the countless victims, little method to the murders emerges.

“The targets are not always that obvious. He [Ahmad Moradi Talebi] was against the Iran-Iraq war and the continuation of the war. He was killed, another pilot was killed in Switzerland and then some random Kurdish activists were killed in Sweden,” said Roya Boroumand, the executive director of ABC, on the latest episode of Eye for Iran podcast.

“It’s very hard to know who they [Iran] target.”

From active members of the Zoroastrian community, to those engaged in virtual political activism like Jamshid Sharmahd, to lesser-well known activists with a following inside Iran – all were among the dead.

Higher profile targets - including President-elect Donald Trump, his former national security adviser John Bolton, his secretary of state Mike Pompeo and women’s rights activist Masih Alinejad - eluded Tehran's grasp.

“The patterns and the scope of these killings have not been understood properly,” Boroumand told the Eye for Iran podcast.

452 assassinations outside Iran

The ABC report titled “Iran: State Violence Beyond Borders” details Iranian state violence carried out in countries across the Middle East, Europe, North America, Asia and Africa.

Out of the 862 cases of extra judicial killings, 452 of them were outside Iran’s borders. There are also 124 cases of death threats, attempted kidnappings and assassinations.

The wide scope and extent came as no surprise to Boroumand, but the brazenness of the attacks did.

“What was shocking was the arrogance with which it happens. Meaning, they can go to the office of a doctor who is organizing protests in Switzerland, in Geneva, and threaten them in person,” said Boroumand.

In many cases the host countries where these killings or attempts allegedly took place avoided making arrests or even allowed the suspects – in particular state agents – to leave, according to Boroumand’s research.

The lack of action by liberal-democratic governments, she said, contributes to a culture of impunity.

'There once lived a person named...'

For Boroumand, this project, which has been almost 23 years in the making, is more than collecting statistics and providing fact-based evidence on the topic of transnational repression. It’s about the people behind the numbers.

“There once lived a person named...” is written on her foundation’s website to memorialize the victims. The interactive map detailing 45 years of state violence by Iran domestically and internationally aims to convey the scope and seriousness of the issue, said Boroumand.

Due to the fear of speaking out and the difficulty in proving the responsibility of the Iranian state for the kidnappings and assassinations, Boroumand believes the actual number of victims is much higher.

Documenting these cases also helps to expose the way in which the Iranian establishment carries out their attacks.

Many alleged killings in the early days after the dawn of the Islamic Republic in 1979 involved Iranian agents and Iran-backed Hezbollah. Over time, Iran’s proxies started to take over, and eventually Tehran reportedly hired criminal gangs.

The Islamic Republic silences critics by turning to criminal organizations like the Hells Angels, Rumba and Foxtrot, according to a report by the Washington Post.

One case involved Pouria Zeraati, an exiled Iranian journalist working for Iran International.

In March 2023, Zeraati was ambushed and stabbed outside his home in London by attackers who were Romanian nationals.

UK authorities have yet to publicly establish any link to Tehran, which denies responsibility for the attack.

Attacks targeting Jewish and Israeli institutions in Europe this year have involved Tehran not just hiring local criminals, but also minors, according to a Bloomberg report this month.

A personal tragedy

There is also a very personal connection for Boroumand, who understands firsthand what the families' victims are going through.

Boroumand’s father, Dr. Abdorrahman Boroumand, the namesake of her and her sister Ladan's rights organization, is one of the victims included in the ABC report.

“My father was a lawyer and a pro-democracy activist,” said Boroumand.

Dr. Boroumand, a close ally of Shapour Bakhtiar, an Iranian politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Iran under the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, opposed the Islamic republic and was a member of the National Resistance Movement of Iran.

On April 18, 1991, Boroumand was stabbed to death in the lobby of his Paris apartment by agents of the Islamic Republic.

Three months later, Bakhtiar and his assistant Soroush Katibeh were also killed by three agents of the Iranian government. Iran denied any involvement.

“They couldn't get into the apartment, but they killed a policeman, a French policeman, and they killed even Bakhtiar's neighbor because they rang at the wrong door. And they wounded her sister, and one policeman was paralyzed for life,” said Boroumand, “It was like tragedy over tragedy.”

But the Boroumands would not be silenced.

Instead, they created one of the only archives of Iran’s human rights abuses to memorialize its victims, carrying on their father’s legacy.

To watch the full interview with Roya Boroumand on Eye for Iran, go to YouTube or listen on Spotify, Apple, Amazon or Castbox.

Citing Badri’s relatives, Alinejad on Friday said doctors determined that the bullet severed Badri’s spinal cord, preventing her from ever walking again.

“Her only ‘crime’ was defying mandatory hijab laws,” Alinejad wrote on X, adding that Badri remains hospitalized amid pressure from authorities on her family to keep silent.

Badri was shot on July 22 while returning home with her sister in Nour County, northern Mazandaran Province.

Reports obtained by Iran International revealed that police opened fire from the rear driver's side of the car stopped on a dirt road, striking Badri in the back and severely damaging her spinal cord and lungs.

A seizure order had been issued for the vehicle in which Badri was a passenger, allegedly due to a violation of Iran's mandatory hijab law. Police issue vehicle seizure alerts if the driver or a passenger are seen without hijab in a car.

The Information Center of the Mazandaran Police Command confirmed the police shooting at the car in which Badri was a passenger, saying that the driver "continued to flee despite police orders, prompting the police to shoot at the car according to the law on the use of firearms."

Badri’s family filed a complaint and the case was heard in early August, however the family was dissatisfied with the outcome and the judicial process.

Following the court hearing, informed sources told Iran International that Badri's relatives were summoned by intelligence and security agencies, pressured to stay silent and urged to withdraw their complaint.

Badri’s case fueled outrage and condemnation from rights groups, who view it as another example of Iran’s escalating violence against women over the hijab.

In 2024, Iranian authorities took action against 30,629 women over allegedly failing to observe compulsory hijab laws, with at least 644 of those women arrested for improper veiling, according to US-based rights group HRANA.